Tanzania-Zanzibar: Coastal Ecology and Natural Resource Management
Images from series: Tanzania-Zanzibar: Coastal Ecology and Natural Resource Management

ABCDs of Triggerfish in Pemba and Misali Island: Abundance, Biodiversity, Behaviour, Cultural Significance and Distribution
This study takes a socioecological approach to understanding triggerfish (Balistidae) in Pemba Island, using Misali Island reefs as a sample ecological site. Two reef sites on Misali Island and three of four districts in Pemba were observed during the study. The abundance of Balistipus undulatus at one of two study sites is close to the maximum carrying capacity of the reef. Overall observed biodiversity was low. Behavioural trends point to distinct species specific defence strategies and species aggression taking different forms. Triggerfishes cultural significance was primarily as a food fish, though it is not highly sought after. With polarised responses for both catch and as a food, the fishery pressure on them was assessed to be moderate. Balistidae abundance, especially B. undulatus could be a good reef health and fishery monitoring metric. This study samples triggerfish ecology, finding interactions and samples which produce a holistic idea of triggerfish in Pemba.
https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/3586

Treatments of Cyanobacteria on Mariculture Sponges in Jambiani, Tanzania
Since 2009, Marine Cultures, an NGO, has explored sponge farming in Jambiani to develop secure and sustainable livelihoods for the community. While sponge farming provides economic opportunity for an industry that functions within ecological boundaries, it faces unique issues that threaten its success. As climate change increases global water temperatures, cyanobacteria are causing increased death rates among mariculture sponges. Mitigating these negative effects with sustainable and reliable solutions can help Marine Cultures grow their positive impact. Alternative methods for mitigating cyanobacteria growth were tested during three study phases. Phase 1 tested how sponge health and algae growth responds to being submerged in a range of hydrogen peroxide concentrations. Phase 2 explored how sponge health and algae growth respond to a range of submersion times in 20% hydrogen peroxide. Phase 3 focused on whether algae growth on support lines can be reduced using sustainable antimicrobial solutions of 50% clove oil, 50% lemon grass oil, and 50% hydrogen peroxide. The treatments on old ropes successfully reduced algae and cyanobacteria growth during the study period. The health of the sponges was not impacted by lower concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and shorter submersion periods. There was no conclusive outcome on the impacts of hydrogen peroxide treatment on the growth of cyanobacteria and other algae. This study provides valuable information to aid in developing tools to respond to climate change and improve sponge farming in Jambiani.
https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/3549

“Hadithi ya Matunda”: The Informal Fruit Economy on Unguja Island: A study of the livelihoods of smallholder producers, intermediaries, and sellers
This is the story of fruit on Unguja Island. It illuminates the livelihoods of farmers, intermediaries, and sellers and each of their roles in the island’s fruit commodity chain. Linkages between these actors are known to play increasingly important roles in agricultural economies across the world due to their ability to create “multiplier effects” through networks of non-farm income opportunities (Wineman, 2020). Through interviews with 19 Zanzibaris who work in this trade network, I learned about the intricacies of these networks. My data revealed that the fruit flow chain on Unguja creates a network of extensive backward and forward economic linkages, which start with smallholder farmers. This commodity chain is an informal system which relies upon formal systems in its operation. And finally, that the fruit commodity chain is built upon personal relationships between actors who have mutual trust. The fruit trade on Unguja does not adhere to any singular system of regulation or governance; it weaves itself into the cracks of the unspoken routines of everyday life in Zanzibar.
https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/3625

The Battle for the Sea: Tourism Development and Public Ocean Access in Jambiani, Zanzibar
The battle for coastal access is a prevalent and controversial issue in both the Global North and the Global South (Mongeau, 2001; Ojo, 2013). Due to investment in coastal land, vulnerable communities around the world are losing their access to the sea (Ojo, 2013; Bennett, Govan & Satterfield, 2015). Battles for ocean access in the Global North tend to focus on recreational activities, but what is to be said about ocean access in the Global South, where access to the sea is needed for the survival of entire communities? (Mongeau, 2001;). Using geographical mapping, environmental condition assessments and open-ended interviews this study explores how the tourism industry has impacted public ocean access in Jambiani, Zanzibar. Results from both geographical and social data sets reveal that the tourism industry has led to a lack of ocean accessibility and therefore has negatively impacted the livelihoods of community members. Results from this study in Jambiani may be applied to other coastal villages to better inform sustainable ocean access policy in Zanzibar and in the world.

Assessing the Threat of Coral Decline on Fish Diversity in Response to Temperature
Misali, a PECCA-protected island off the east coast of Pemba, Tanzania, is considered to be a marine biodiversity hotspot with a protected Non-Extractive Zone (NEZ) and remaining Extractive Zone (EZ). Upon protection, the island’s fringe reefs faced severe coral bleaching during the 1998 bleaching event, estimated to kill up to 70% of corals. Since the event, several others have occurred in addition to restructuring the management plan in 2006 to expand the region to 1000km. While the damage from the most recent coral bleaching event in 2020 has yet to be surveyed, this study investigates the current reef health in reflection of temperature differences caused by the western NEZ zone’s proximity to the cold upwelling of the Pemba Channel. In doing so, reef health was defined as high levels of rugosity, low levels of bleaching, and high levels of fish diversity and abundance. These variables were examined independently and concurrently to understand their interdependency and relationships. Once established, reef health was further analyzed in two different temperature zones to understand how reef health in a higher temperature range in the EZ would differ from the reef health in the colder temperature range in the NEZ. Over a 22-day period, 2,799 fish from 24 different families were surveyed along 30 transects split evenly between the NEZ and EZ. For each transect, environmental data were collected, reef rugosity and coral bleaching percent cover estimated, and fish counted according to the pre-established family guide. Statistical significance was found between temperature measurements in the NEZ and EZ, effectively confirming the hypothesis that reefs in the NEZ would inhabit cooler temperatures. Additionally, several families exhibited statistical significance between the two zones, with more inhabiting NEZ reefs. While coral bleaching percent cover was found to have no significant difference between the two zones, the trends expressed graphically identify a relationship between rugosity, bleaching, and fish abundance. The results not only supported the assertion that the three variables shared a correlation with one another but further indicated that reef health as identified above, was stronger in the NEZ cooler waters than in the EZ warmer waters. Thus, this study identifies anthropogenic threats to coral reef ecosystem resiliency on Misali Island in hopes of informing future conservation efforts of Zanzibar’s reefs and beyond.

Leopards Are Good to Think With: Spotting the Zanzibar Leopard in Jozani Forest
In this project, the modern narrative of the Zanzibar leopard was studied in Jozani-Chwaka Bay National Park. Game cameras were installed and various locations around the national park to try and gather primary evidence that supported the existence of a leopard population in the forest. In addition, local community members were interviewed about recent leopard related activities. No biological evidence was gathered that supported the existence of the Zanzibar leopard and information collected from interviews indicated a potential shift in which other organisms are considered leopards. Recommendations were made for future research to be able to better understand the complex meaningfulness of the narrative of the Zanzibar leopard and how the narrative shifts over time.

Activity, Distribution, and Density of Brown Rats (Rattus norvegicus) on Misali Island, Pemba Island, Tanzania
This project investigated the activity, distribution, and density of brown rats (R. norvegicus) on Misali Island, Pemba. These factors were studied through field observations conducted over a 21-day observation period. Brown rats were highest in density around areas of human activity, attracted to the detritus, an ample food source. Although highest in density in these areas, a greater total population of brown rats was distributed in the coastal forest due to its proportion of area on the overall island. In the forest, the rats were most active along the coastal sections for unknown and unexplored reasons – possibly due to regular ocean detritus. Based on ad hoc observations, the rats pose some threats to native flora and fauna including disease and out-competition. Brown rats are considered pests on Misali Island, as they destroy human infrastructure and property. The project establishes baseline information to address this problem and reduce the impact of rats on conservation in this protected area.

Vulnerability and Adaptability of Mangrove Forests on Misali Island, Zanzibar, Tanzania
As climate change threatens to cause heightened sea levels and decreased rainfall patterns in the Indian Ocean, mangrove forests are forced to adapt or suffer. This study aims to analyze the persistence of four prominent mangrove forests on Misali Island based on vulnerability and adaptability. The study focuses on three types of forests: overwash, coastal fringing, and scrub. Forest A, an overwash forest, was the main site of study and was surveyed for species type and seedling/sapling counts using ten transects which ranged from 40 to 91.7 meters in length. Data was analyzed in order to determine biodiversity, zonation, and reproductive success of the forest as a whole. Each factor was ranked on a scale of vulnerability to adaptability based on corresponding numerical values. Results showed the presence of seven species in Forest A with a high biodiversity. The forest was split into four zones which displayed strong zonation, as certain species prefer more inundated niches while others prefer drier niches. Overwash forests were found to be more adaptable than both coastal fringing and scrub forests and will likely persist the longest on Misali Island.

Coastal Stream Salinity and Its Impacts on Pemba Agriculture
The extent of saltwater inundation of coastal streams was assessed on Pemba Island near agricultural areas in northeastern and northwestern regions of the island. Conductivity and pH were measured from water samples collected at various distances along the stream to determine the extent of salinity at different points in the tidal cycle. This salinity data, as well as the context of recent weather events, runoff, and geological characteristics of the region were used to determine the primary factors that influence changes in surface water salinity. The primary factor that influences surface water salinity was determined to be changes in stream discharge as a result of recent precipitation events or anthropogenic modifications. The impacts of these alterations are predicted to be amplified by climate change events such as sea level rise, storm surges, and changing precipitation patterns as well as increased anthropogenic usage. Implications of increased surface water salinity include lowered crop yield, abandoned farms, food and water scarcity, and negative economic impacts. Eastern Pemba was determined to be more affected by surface water salinization at present and will continue to be affected if serious mitigation strategies are not implemented.

An Assessment of Coral Bleaching near Misali Island, Tanzania
Coral bleaching and reef health were studied in fringing reefs around Misali Island, Tanzania. Over a 28-day period, 1,329 coral colonies were surveyed along 31 transects. For each colony, data was collected on growth form and bleaching severity. No significant differences in bleaching frequency or intensity were observed between the resource extraction and non-extraction zones protected under the Pemba Channel Marine Conservation Area (PECCA). Bleaching was observed to be extensive across all coral growth forms and was found to collectively increase over the study period in frequency and intensity. This study indicates the vulnerability of Misali coral reefs to bleaching and reef degradation and draws attention to the ecological instability caused by global change and anthropogenic impact.

Behavioral Responses to Ancestral Predators in Vervet Monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) on Misali Island, Tanzania
The success of a species depends largely on their ability to recognize and respond to predatory cues. These responses can be controlled through genetic or social factors. This study aimed to assess the ability of vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) to identify and respond to ancestral predatory cues following long-term isolation on Misali Island, Zanzibar, Tanzania in order to determine if anti-predator behaviors are innate or learned. This was accomplished through exposure of troops to auditory predator cues and the documentation of their behavioral responses. The results of these trials suggest that predator recognition is an innate behavior in C. pygerythrus, as seen through increased levels of vigilance and agitation.

The Influence of Habitat Preference on Longitudinal Population Composition and Distribution of Groupers (Serranidae) in Chumbe Island Coral Park, Zanzibar Tanzania
A survey of six common grouper (Serranidae) species was conducted on both the western protected and eastern unprotected reefs around Chumbe Island. Species, estimated maturity, and fundamental niche and general habitat preference was extrapolated based on observed realized niche and qualified according to substrate, depth, slope position, and general reef region. Abundance, biomass density, and biodiversity of Serranid populations were compared among locations on the reef with habitat preference in mind in order to best assess how habitat influences population composition, distribution, and health. The results of this study provide depth to previous research on the protected reef and indicate noteworthy shifts in population composition between 2014 and 2018 in favor of species with less specified habitat preference and subsequently wider ranges. Thus, this study suggests that Serranid populations around Chumbe Island are experiencing a regime shift in response to the degradation of their coral reef habitat. Surveys of Chumbe’s nearby unprotected eastern reef indicate low levels of species abundance, which are hypothesized to be the result of inappropriate habitat structure, increased fishing pressure, and decreased population health within the MPA. Ultimately, this study suggests that monitoring Serranid populations collectively in terms of abundance and without heed to species does not effectively measure population health. Indeed, research of reef dependent fishes that does not take habitat into consideration fail to capture, explain, and inform management of changes in marine populations and the habitats they are intrinsically linked to as a result of a threat that cannot be mitigated even by an MPA – climate change.

Pemban Farmer Agency in Adapting to Climate Change
As a result of climate change, agricultural societies will be challenged by a variety of altered conditions, including increased severe weather events, saltwater intrusion, pest and disease outbreaks, and higher temperatures. The island of Pemba, in the Zanzibar archipelago, is home to many small-scale agriculturalists. During this study, I interviewed Pemban farmers in the districts of Wete and Micheweni about their awareness of the impacts of climate change and the mitigation strategies that they have implemented. The results from Pemba were compared to relevant academic literature regarding climate change to explore whether disparities exist between models of climate change in the region and the lived experience of farmers.

Constructing Social Environments: The Evolving Relationship between Uses and Management of Urban Greenspace in Stone Town, Zanzibar
Despite the overwhelming enthusiasm for urban greenspaces throughout the Global North, discussion around parks in the developing world has scarcely been met with the same vigor. This study aims to bring attention to the unique aspects and strengths of urban greenspaces in East Africa, as well as the ways in which these spaces can be improved. The history, use, and management of greenspace was examined through literature review, observation, and interview. The historical and cultural significance of greenspace throughout Stone Town was found to both influence and run contrary to the current uses. Management of greenspace was convoluted and inefficient due to the Revolutionary Government’s history, and continues to influence the location and design of new greenspaces. The uses and management were often incongruous, and did not allow for flexibility. These target areas provide opportunities to better understand the unique aspects of greenspace in Stone Town as well as the ways in which they can be improved.

A Disappearing Island: An Impact Assessment of Coastal Erosion on the Mnemba Island House Reef, Zanzibar
Sedimentation is one of the greatest threats reefs face today due to climate changeinduced sea level rise. Mnemba Island has experienced rampant coastal erosion as a combined result of global processes and local anthropogenic impacts, which has in turn caused severe reef degradation. The house reef was surveyed over a 3-week period to determine the amount of sediment deposited on the reef and the impact of this sedimentation on coral reef health. Sediment traps were deployed to measure the sediment flux rate. The line-intercept transect method was used to measure the benthos cover of the reef and point-transect method was used to measure the relative sediment cover of the substrate. Counts of indicator fish species (Scaridae, Balistidae, and Siganidae) and echinoderm (Echinoidea and Acanthaster planci) species were counted using the belt transect method. Overall, the reef exhibited very poor health that calls for urgent attention. Sediment flux rates on the reef are close to the lethal limit, potentially impacting algal growth. The reef is comprised of a low percentage of live coral cover and few herbivorous fish species. Furthermore, much of the reef is overtaken by Echinoidea. These findings suggest that sedimentation is a primary cause of reef degradation in conjunction with significant and direct anthropogenic impacts. Current erosion mitigation practices are not sufficient to adequately protect the shoreline. Recommendations for urgent protection of the island and its reef are discussed.

Let’s Talk Takataka: Impacts of Plastic in the Stone Town Harbor Area, Zanzibar
Plastic pollution has become an anthropogenic crisis worldwide. In the Stone Town Harbor area in particular, consumerism, population growth, tourism and a deficient municipal waste management system contribute to alarming amounts of mismanaged plastic that enter the ocean. This is devastating for the diverse marine ecosystem that provides valuable resources to its flora and fauna and to it human inhabitants. In this study, micro-plastic at the sea surface as well as plastic on coastal beaches was quantified to determine the effects of plastic pollution in the area by use of a standard plankton net methodology. This study contributed to the first set of baseline information regarding plastic at this location. It was determined that there are approximately 172,061.01 micro-plastic floating particles at the sea surface in the Stone Town Harbor area. Micro-plastic was found in 94% of sea surface samples and plastic was found in 64.76% of coastal beach survey quadrats. Results suggest that the population size in this coastal environment is proportional to the micro- and macro-plastic abundance in the area. Furthermore, if the population of Stone Town limited single-use plastic, it would greatly mitigate plastic waste concentration, including by up to 43%. This study will contribute to plastic waste awareness as well as offer recommendations for more successful waste management strategies the help conserve the marine ecosystem.

A Comparative Tree Survey of Disturbed and Primary Forest Areas: Ngezi-Vumawimbi Nature Forest Reserve, Pemba Island
Off the coast of Tanzania, in East Africa, the island of Pemba was once covered in pristine forest despite having a small, agriculturally-based human population. Beginning around 1840, however, the island began to be deforested on a large scale for colonial plantations of cash crops such as cloves and rubber as well as for small-scale farms and firewood. Ngezi-Vumawimbi Nature Forest Reserve covers about 1,440 hectares and is all that remains of these once vast forests. The reserve was officially designated in 1957 but timber extraction and exploitation there continued until the late 1980s. In the early 1970s, a large section of the reserve was clear-cut and replanted with an exotic tree species that later was revealed to be extremely invasive. Extirpation efforts began in earnest a few decades later but no survey has been done since 2006 to determine the species composition of this section of the reserve. The purpose of this study is to perform a survey of trees in this disturbed area as well as in an adjacent primary forest area of the reserve and to use the collected data to evaluate regenerative progress in the forest. This summary and the subsequent recommendations will then be sent to the government of Zanzibar to aid in their decision making.

Bacteria Mitigation in Sponge Mariculture, Jambiani Zanzibar
The declining seaweed industry coupled with efforts by the NGO Marine Cultures have led to the establishment of sponge mariculture in Jambiani, Zanzibar. However, growing cyanobacteria levels have substantially increased sponge mortality rates. In order to determine successful cyanobacteria mitigation treatments, six populations of farm ropes, support lines, and sponges were (a) untreated, (b) manually cleaned or submerged in solutions of (c) 2% hydrogen peroxide, (d) 4% hydrogen peroxide, (e) 50 g/L salt, or (f) 70 g/L salt. No conclusions were drawn from rope treatments, no techniques were effective for support line treatments, and both concentrations of hydrogen peroxide were successful for sponge treatments. Additionally, unstructured interviews were conducted with sponge farmers to ascertain longitudinal climate change and bacteria growth data in Jambiani.

An Ethnobotanical Examination of Traditional Medicine in Ngezi Forest Reserve
Traditional medicine is an important aspect of the both the culture and health of communities worldwide. Ngezi Forest Reserve is a protected area on Pemba Island which is part of the Zanzibar Archipelago. This forest contains a wealth of botanical diversity which includes many species of medicinal plants. Traditional healers (waganga) use these medicinal plants to heal members of the community. Interviews and forest walks with these healers were supplemented by consultations with a botanist to determine medicinal value of the forest and the surrounding areas. In compiling information from 15 healers in the area, 98 species of medicinal plants were identified (most of which were outside of the forest), as well as a wide variety of uses and preparations. Priority medicinal species, which are used frequently by healers but are decreasing in abundance, include Mjafari and Msoo. Recommendations were made for the protection of these species while still accommodating their usage in traditional medicine in the area.

Strategies for Environmental Education for Youths and Adults, Chumbe Island Coral Park, Zanzibar
Chumbe Island Coral Park (CHICOP) is a privately-owned business that strives to follow the best principles of ecotourism, conservation, and environmental education. Their environmental education initiative is award-winning and has affected thousands of students and community members in Zanzibar. This study looked at the environmental education techniques that CHICOP already has in place by observing two pre-visits, three island-visits and one-post visit, and determined where there was a need for enhanced and new techniques for teaching about the environment. Evidence of climate change on Chumbe Island was also recorded to aid in the educational tools and to create a database of climate change evidence on Chumbe. After compiling the observations of each of the visits, twenty new environmental educational tools and activities were created, under eleven category types. It is hoped that these tools and activities will enhance environmental education based on Chumbe’s needs.

Small-Scale Farming of Sandfish (Holothuria scabra) at Unguja Ukuu, Zanzibar
The biological and social components of sandfish farming were studied at Unguja Ukuu, Zanzibar. Measurement of temperature and depth, along with quadrat sampling of substrate and sea cucumbers, led to recommendations for future management of depth, biomass per area, disease and crabs, and substrate. Interviews revealed the role and potential benefits of sea cucumber farming for communities. Several barriers to, and complications with, the expansion of sea cucumber farming were also identified. This study provided information for improvement of this farm and hoped to spread knowledge of sandfish farming to Zanzibaris, who may benefit economically from the practice.

Pteropus voeltzkowi and the Understory: A Study of the Behavioral Impacts of the Pemba Flying Fox on the Vegetation and Soil Quality of Pemba Island
This study examines the impact of Pteropus voeltzkowi , colloquially known as the Pemba Flying Fox, on biodiversity and health of the forest ground layer. Known to serve as reforesters, high concentrations of both fruit seeds and nutrient dense guano are introduced into specific environmental locations due to the bat's behavioral patterns. Working around two roost locations, one in Ngezi Forest and the other at the Kidike conservation site near Mjini Ole, diversity of juvenile vegetation was measured and quantified. In a laboratory setting, soil samples from both sites were analyzed for impacts of guano concentration on soil chemical properties. Results found trends at the Kidike roost site of increased vegetation diversity with roost proximity, while soil analysis indicated a correlation between increased guano concentration and increased soil fertility.

Coral Disease in Chumbe Island Coral Park: A baseline survey of the prevalence of coral disease and other afflictions within Chumbe Marine Protected Area
Coral mortality from disease and other afflictions is a rising concern for reefs around the world. The aim of this study was to provide to a baseline for the prevalence of coral disease and other afflictions, which indicate compromised coral health, in Chumbe Island Coral Park, Zanzibar, Tanzania. Chumbe's reef experienced a widespread bleaching event earlier this year and this baseline study will provide a starting point to see how the bleaching event affected the prevalence of disease and other afflictions within the reef. A baseline study will also allow the park to investigate if their current monitoring procedures are effective in protecting the coral from disease and other afflictions. Results based mostly on signs of compromised reef health indicate that the north is the unhealthiest region of the reef, while the south is the healthiest. Infectious disease is currently at relatively low numbers on the reef, but if the other afflictions are not addressed the numbers could rise drastically in the near future.

Solid Waste Management of Disposable Diaper Sanitation and the Connection to Environmental Awareness for Women in Zanzibar
This project examined the solid waste management of disposable diapers in three locations, Stone Town, Mangapwani and Vikokotoni, within Zanzibar, Tanzania. Its methods included field observations of the solid waste disposal system in Zanzibar and interviews with women about their rationales for buying and using disposable diapers. For one of the first times, the data collected during this project will further assist to educate women about the benefits of cloth diapers and the negative effects disposable diapers create for Zanzibari families and the environment. This study has observed one of the most growing concerns regarding excess solid waste contributing to unsanitary living conditions and the lack of landfill space in Zanzibar. Recommendations were made to local hospitals interacting with perspective mothers and mothers with young children, along with methods to raise public awareness on the subject of household waste and sanitation.

An Assessment of Soil Erosion on Pemba Island Using the Universal Soil Loss Equation
Healthy soil is necessary for maintaining agricultural productivity, which is the basis of the economy on Pemba Island, Tanzania. Soil erosion is a notable concern for subsidence-farming villages, as it reduces the agricultural potential of farmland through the loss of nutrients, organic matter, and depth of quality growing soil (Georhing, 2009). The island of Pemba is the perfect case study for soil erosion, as their economy is largely based in agriculture, and the combined hilly topography and monsoonal climate make it highly susceptible to soil erosion. Yet, Pemba’s main cash crops are clove and fruit trees, which have potential to stabilize and protect soil. The purpose of this study is to make a quantitative estimate of annual soil loss throughout four farming villages in Pemba using the Universal Soil Loss Equation. Data was derived empirically through field work and satellite imagery analysis. Rates of soil loss were overall lower than predicted, with only a few sites in need of implementing further soil conservation practices.

Nesting trends of the Green (Chelonia mydas) and Hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) turtles on Misali Island, Pemba
Misali Island, one of the first conservation areas in Zanzibar, is considered an important nesting ground for the Green and Hawksbill turtles. This study was conducted to present results on the nesting and hatching trends on Misali Island by using data collected since 2002. Thorough statistical analyses were used on these data in order to find patterns in the nesting trends of these two species, and identify any significant differences that have occurred over the years. Overall, there has been a steady decline in the number of nesting and hatching events, but no statistically significant trends were found in terms of any major differences in the numbers. However, the average success rates of all nesting locations at Misali were all found to be over 70%, and there was a significant difference between Mpapaini beach when compared with all other nesting locations with regards to numbers of nests. These findings, along with the constant level of turtle activities, demonstrate the importance of Misali Island as a suitable key nesting site. These results can be used to determine the effectiveness of the current conservation efforts and legislation implementations that have been done regarding the population of Green and Hawksbill turtles, and help with future effective prioritization of resources.

Frog Diversity and Population Trends in Andasibe, Madagascar
Facing immediate threats such as habitat loss, emerging infectious diseases, and climate change, the frog populations of the Madagascar rainforest, one of the richest amphibian diversity hotspots in the world, are an important focus for monitoring programs. This study focused on assessing the general diversity, key species population trends, and monitoring effectiveness of the Analamazaotra Forest Station’s amphibian community, a population of over forty species within Andasibe, Madagascar. Building on a long-term monitoring program that began in 2012, visual encounter surveys were conducted over a two-week period in November 2015 along the edge and within the interior of the forest area managed by Association Mitsinjo. The current twenty-four transects were found to be an effective means of monitoring amphibian populations given species abundance curves and an individual assessment of each transect. Rank abundance curves, Simpson’s Diversity Indexes, and a Jaccard’s Index were calculated as diversity assessment values using three years of data collection. From species evenness and richness assessments, the interior of the forest appeared to be unchanging in terms of diversity (stabilizing around a SDI of 0.91) while the forest edge had a decrease in diversity since 2013 (2013 SDI, 0.98; 2015 SDI, 0.82). These trends did not support expected diversity increases given the recovering status of the Analamazaotra Forest Station, since its protection in 2003, suggesting that these results may have been influenced by the seasonality effect of edge preference, the forest’s carrying capacity, and inconsistent surveys. For monitoring purposes, seasonality abundance baselines were calculated for the past four years of eleven key species. These eleven baseline species can be tracked in future years to assess population declines and judge habitat quality and forest health.

Environmental Law in Madagascar: The Nagoya Protocol on Genetic Resource Use, Access and Benefit Sharing
The rapid expansion of the biosciences has led many to turn to nature in search of genetic resources of commercial value. Bioprospecting, or the search for plants and animals from which commercially valuable compounds can be obtained, is often a transnational activity. Four-fifths of the world’s biodiversity is found in developing countries, and those searching to exploit the biodiversity of these nations overwhelmingly tend to come from developed, wealthy countries. This asymmetry, when coupled with the lack of institutional legislative frameworks and regulation, creates a plethora of user/host conflicts. This paper seeks to examine the current state of affairs regarding environmental law in Madagascar as it relates to management of bioprospecting and genetic resource use conflicts. Firstly, it will examine international and domestic environmental law – with an emphasis on the recently ratified Convention on Biodiversity and the Nagoya Protocol. Secondly, non-governmental contractual agreements between local and foreign entities will be examined, with an emphasis on the International Cooperative Biodiversity Group as a case study. The study will conclude with suggestions, warnings, and potential future research opportunities.

Comparative Study of Terrestrial Arthropod Diversity in Primary and Re-planted Pine Forest in a Community Forest at Andasibe, Madagascar
This study is a comparison of tree and terrestrial arthropod diversity along native andre-planted pine transects.Transects were laid in a primary and re-planted pine forest in Andasibe Community Forest Park. Data was collected over six days, taking measurements of trees, inspecting and collecting specimens from pitfall traps once a day. Terrestrial arthropods were identified to morphospecies and measures of diversity were calculated. To understand the health of the trees, information was collected that included trees diameter at breast height, canopy cover and soil cover. Terrestrial arthropod communities and diversity were found to be significantly different in the native and replanted pine transects, likely due to the difference in non-native trees.

Analysis of Traditional Medicine in Zanzibar, Tanzania
Traditional medicine is used as a major source of health care in developing countries. A small island off the coast of Tanzania, Zanzibar has traditional medicine embedded in its culture. Informal interviews of community members and healers in four different villages as well as interviews with the Department of Forestry and the Traditional and Alternative Medicine Unit were conducted over a four week study. This study found that community members of four villages in Zanzibar supported the idea of a regulation of traditional medicine by the government. It also found that the majority of traditional medicine users have noticed a decrease in medicinal plants. The support of traditional medicine reaffirms the importance of improvement of traditional medicine through the implementation of the regulation under the Traditional and Alternative Medicine Policy of 2008. Natural resource conservation is one of the ways in which the regulation could best protect the community use of traditional medicine in Zanzibar.

Fauna Census of Intertidal Cliffs, Mangapwani, Zanzibar
Due to their extreme variations in condition over the course of a day, intertidal zones are challenging environments. Organisms that live there must be prepared to cope with both exposure and submersion, not to mention the temperature variations that accompany these conditions. The differing tolerances and adaptations of various organisms to these conditions generally cause patterns of vertical zonation to occur in the intertidal zone, especially when the shore is steep and rocky. Understanding the ecology of shore environments is important to future conservation and management efforts. This study was conducted on a beach in Mangapwani, Zanzibar at at 6˚ 9.874’S and 39˚ 11.281’E. In order to establish what organisms make use of steep, rocky, intertidal habitats in Zanzibar and establish a baseline understanding of the ecosystem with which to compare future changes, a census was taken of the animals living on the intertidal sections of cliffs and steep rock faces and data was analyzed for evidence of vertical zonation patterns. Informal observations of human activity were also made to gauge the likely level of anthropogenic impact already occurring at the site. From April 6 through April 23, organisms were identified and counted along 11 transects with between six and 11 replicates per transect location. Nineteen different kinds of organisms from three phyla (Chordata, Crustacea, Mollusca) were observed over the course of this study. The most numerous animals were acorn barnacles (Chthamalus dentatus), conical barnacles (Tetraclita squamosal rufotincta), limpets (Phylum Mollusca, Family Patellidae), and mussels (Phylum Mollusca, Family Mytilidae). These organisms were all very likely to exhibit distribution patterns along a transect that were found to be significantly inconsistent with random distribution.

An Assessment of the Impact of Sand Mining: Unguja, Zanzibar
Resource consumption is one of the most crucial environmental problems facing the world today. Therefore nonrenewable resources need to be sustainably used to ensure the survival of both future generations and the resources at stake. The goal of this study was to investigate the impacts of sand mining on the environment, economy, and communities of Zanzibar. The environmental, economic, and social impacts of sand mining activities were studied at various sites on the island of Unguja. The effects on vegetation, coastal erosion, communities, and local economies were researched based on field observations and interviews with local people and officials at the various sites. Five primary sites were visited throughout this study, three illegal quarries, one abandoned legal quarry, and one active legal quarry. The environmental impacts at each of the five sites were decidedly destructive, and the economic and social results were also found to be generally harmful as many people, children, and animals have drowned and the number of fruitbearing trees and farms are shrinking, which decreases local incomes. The accelerated erosion, lack of plant regeneration, and reported issues with mining in local communities demonstrate that sand mining in Unguja has had adverse impacts overall.

The Pelagic Artisanal Fishing of Mangapwani, Northern Unguja
A total of 99 interviews were conducted. Over a period of 28 days from April 5- May 2, 2015, a total of 75 interviews were conducted with 72 fishermen, 2 drying processors and 1 Bwana Diko. During a 5 day preliminary period from March 12-16, 2015, a total of 24 interviews were conducted with 7 fishermen and 14 drying processors. The interviews focused on their work in the local fishing industry, the amount of fish caught and dried, and their opinions on the sustainability of their industry. The interviews were conducted using a translator who relayed the responses in English to the interviewer who then recorded the responses.
The interviews and study were conducted in the small fishing village of Mangapwani. This location on the Tanzanian island of Unguja was chosen due to Mangapwani’s relatively high level of drying activity and its’ status as an official landing site.
The Survey indicated that the dagaa dryers and local fishermen were aware of some environmental impact resulting from the fishing industry. But, the dryers were more concerned with producing a marketable product and earning a daily wage, and the fishermen were more concerned about bringing as much fish home as possible. Both the dryers and the fishermen appeared to be more concerned with their current economic status than about the future ecological implications of their involvement in the industry. During the survey, an overuse of natural resources such as the surrounding wood and land, a scarcity of clean water, and overfishing of the natural fish stock in the area was observed. These impacts if left unchecked will eventually lead to the collapse of the fishing industry in Mangapwani and other such small villages if not better regulated.

Investment Opportunities in Solar-Powered Lighting for Small Rural Shops in Zanzibar
Small shop-owners in rural Zanzibar, Tanzania were surveyed on their shops lighting fixtures and requirements to determine whether using a solar home system to power the shops lights would be a profitable investment. The shops surveyed in 4 grid connected rural villages in Zanzibar had very similar requirements, and a high-quality, affordable solar home system was designed to meet the requirements of the majority of these shops. Potential savings were calculated for each shop that replaced its current lighting fixture with a solar home system. 20% of the shops surveyed were found to potentially profit from investing in the solar home system, while 80% would lose money on the investment. However, the 20% that would profit from the investment represent an even larger demographic in Zanzibar than those surveyed: those who spend over 20,840/= per year lighting their shops, and who would benefit from an investment. The analysis was also found to be applicable to homes that use a solar home system to power their lights. This represents an enormous market opportunity for solar suppliers in Zanzibar. Recommendations were made for further studies addressing why diffusion of solar home systems in Zanzibar has been slow, despite its potential.

SHARKS AREN’T THE ONLY FISH TO BE AFRAID OF… A Survey of Serranidae Species of Genus Aethaloperca, Anyperodon, Cephalopholis, Epinephelus, and Plectropomus on Chumbe Island, Zanzibar, Tanzania
A census as well as behavioral analysis of six grouper (Serranidae) species was conducted on Chumbe Island off the coast of Unguja, Zanzibar, Tanzania during October and November 2014. The six species were counted, divided into size classes, and behavioral notes were taken on the individuals observed on both the western drop-off of Chumbe Island’s reef as well as the back, shallower reef. Results showed that larger individuals, as well as species that grow larger, inhabit the deeper waters of the drop-off, while smaller species and juveniles inhabit the shallower back reef. The Brown Marbled (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) and Blacksaddled (Plectropomus laevis) Groupers were determined to be two of the largest fish on the reef, and the numbers of large E. fuscoguttatus are higher than originally believed, a sign of a healthy, complex ecosystem. Biomass of all species was determined to be 9.240g/m², highly concentrated at the drop-off of the fringing reef. Juvenile percentage of each species was determined, overall suggesting a high probability of success for future generations of these species. Active hunters were determined to be Peacock (Cephalopholis argus) and Redmouth (Aethaloperca rogaa) Groupers, while E. fuscoguttatus and Slender (Anyperodon leucogrammicus) Groupers spent most of their time concealing themselves in coral. Most of the species were found to have very specific habitats on the reef, especially the large individuals.

Feasibility of a Mangrove-Based Carbon Business in Makoba Bay, Unguja, Zanzibar
Mangrove ecosystems, along with other coastal vegetation, have tremendous potential to be abundant carbon sinks. With the prospect of carbon sequestered in coastal ecosystems starting to be explored in carbon credit markets, this study attempts to assess the feasibility of a mangrove-based carbon business in Makoba Bay, Unguja, Zanzibar. An aboveground carbon estimation demonstrates that the mangrove forest of Makoba Bay is a recovering ecosystem, but has the potential to be initiated into a program such as REDD+ in the future. Social surveys in both Makoba Bay and Chwaka Bay also indicate that a number of improvements would have to be made to existing project efforts before a carbon business would be successful. Proper attention must be given to issues such as education, support for alternative livelihoods, strengthening of mangrove replantation programs, and the establishment of a Community Forest Management Agreement between the government and the communities of Makoba Bay.

Pollution in Stone Town’s Coastal Waters: An Assessment of Environmental Influences on Fecal Contamination
Urbanized areas in Tanzania, including Zanzibar Town on Unguja, are struggling to deal with the large amount of waste generated by growing populations and increasing tourist industries. In 2010, the waters surrounding Stone Town, a subsection of Zanzibar Town, were found to be highly polluted by fecal waste. This study attempted to determine whether pollution has lessened or worsened in the past four years. Furthermore, environmental components of the coastal area, particularly tides, were tested in order to determine whether they had an impact on pollution in the waters. Using the membrane filtration method, mean enterococci were quantified in two areas of Stone Town, Africa House and the Port. Results suggest that the pollution at both sites has worsened and continues to pose a serious risk to public health. Furthermore, spring and neap tides had a significant impact on enterococci concentrations at Africa House, but how these environmental fluctuations influenced concentrations at the Port was not entirely clear. If measures are not taken in the future to improve the pollution in Stone Town’s coastal waters, there could be serious consequences to the local economy and the community’s health.

The Status of Coastal Birds on Uzi Island: A Coastal Survey of Birds and Their Interactions with Fishermen and Seaweed Farmers
Birds are useful environmental indicators and play important roles in the lives of people. A survey of coastal birds was completed around the shores of Uzi Island, Zanzibar. Intertidal flats surveyed at low tide proved to be the most diverse. Mangrove habitat surveyed at high tide was less diverse, yet a mangrove island hosted an abundance of roosting birds.
Although the coastal bird species found on Uzi are of “Least Concern” according to IUCN ratings, conservation of bird habitat, such as mangroves, is a vital step in maintaining biodiversity. Human subjects reported that fishermen and seaweed farmers do not disturb the coastal birds. A strong relationship between seabirds and fishermen of Uzi was found, which could be used as a motivation for conservation.

The Invading Fly: Innovative Pest Management Solutions for Control of Bactrocera Invadens in Pemba, Zanzibar
An integrated pest management study was conducted targeting the invasive fruit fly, Bactrocera invadens, on the island of Pemba, Zanzibar. Male annihilation technique (MAT) traps were set in geographically dispersed sites featuring mango fruit hosts. Three locally sourced essential oils,eucalyptus citriodora, clove and lemongrass were tested against the standard attractant methyl eugenol. Rainfall quantities at each site were collected and interviews with local farmers were conducted on the subject of B. invadens infestation and management. Over the course of the two week study, April 2nd to April 18th, 2014, methyl eugenol baited traps had an average catch of 2465.75 flies per trap, which was significantly different than the 331.45 and 141.7 average fruit fly catch for eucalyptus citriodora oil and clove oil respectively. Lemongrass lagged even further with behind with a negligible number of five flies captured during the entirety of the study. These results represent the effectiveness of eucalyptus citriodora and clove oil as attractants in an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy to combat the infestation by this prolific invasive pest.

Trouble in Paradise: State of Coastal Erosion of Unguja Tourist Destinations Shoreline Analysis and Community Responses of Nungwi and Paje Beaches
Beach erosion is a significant problem facing the coastlines of Zanzibar. This study addresses the current status of coastal erosion for the beaches of Paje and Nungwi, Unguja Island, Zanzibar. These sites were selected for their popularity as tourist destinations and likelihood of significant anthropogenic influence on shoreline change. Field observations were made and indicators of erosion were recorded during transects in both locations. Sediment samples were collected at fixed intervals along the transects and then analyzed statistically for grain size distribution trends at the Institute of Marine Science. Interviews were conducted with village residents to determine community response, and supplementary interviews were completed to gain greater comprehension of current legislation regarding coastal development. Study results show both beaches are undergoing significant erosion as a result of natural and anthropogenic forces. Recommendations were made for further studies on sediment transport, for increased monitoring of these and other beaches, and for greater enforcement of regulations by government officials.

Gamba la Kasa: Using the Sea Turtle as a Flagship for Conservation through Storytelling and Children's Literature
The purpose of this study has been to educate the children and adults of Uzi Island on the importance of sea turtle conservation through storytelling and collaborative children's literature. This study's culminating product is a handmade children's book, written in both English and Swahili, entitled Turtle's Shell/Gamba La Kasa. A story from an Uzi elder was integrated into the book, as were illustrations gathered from the children of Uzi. Sea turtle conservation efforts are occurring all over the world through many methods, but this study is different from others because it acknowledges and utilizes the local knowledge and folklore in the Uzi Village community, because it involves local people in the process of the project's end product, and because it targets the youth of the community so as to ensure that the coming generation is aware of the importance of sea turtle conservation. It is believed that by involving the children of the community in the process of making the book, they will feel a sense of ownership over it, and will be more invested in the topic of sea turtle conservation.

Bioremediation of Polluted Zanzibar Seawater: The Nutrient and Bacterial Bioextraction Potential of Native Seaweeds and Bivalves
In Stone Town, Zanzibar, increasing populations and insufficient sewage treatment has greatly increased harmful levels of nutrients and anthropogenic-sourced contaminants along the city’s coastal waters. In this study, the nutrient and bacterial bioextractive abilities of local species of bivalves (A. antiquata, P. margaritifera) and seaweeds (E. denticulatum, U. reticulata) were examined in order to determine the potential for these species to remedy the local polluted waters. It was hypothesized that due to bivalves’ suspension-feeding activity, both species of bivalves would be able to decrease turbidity and fecal indicator bacteria (Enterococci) levels in sample polluted seawater. Likewise, it was hypothesized that due to the nitrogen and phosphorous nutrient assimilation of seaweeds, both species of seaweed would be able to decrease excess nutrient levels in the water caused by both raw sewage and bivalve waste. In concordance with extensive aquaculture studies of these effects, both species of bivalves were able to decrease total suspended solids and Enterococci levels while both species of seaweeds were able to decrease certain nutrient levels. From this broad study, it was determined that A. antiquata, P. margaritifera, E. denticulatum, and U. reticulata have the ability to be implemented successfully as potential bioremediators in an integrated mariculture program in Stone Town that will prove economically as well as environmentally beneficial.

Species Censes & Local Conceptions of Ornithological Fauna, Uzi
Uzi Island is a rapidly growing and developing island with a wealth of flora and fauna found in very few other places around the world. Study is needed in every field, this was a preliminary study into the residential and migrant bird species presence on Uzi Island. Birds were observed in two of the main habitats present on Uzi Island, intertidal/mangrove and coral-rag. Three transects were cut and laid through each of the two habitats and monitored in the morning and evening hours over the course of 20 days. A total of 1949 birds were recorded comprising 71 species (708 individuals/ 40 species in intertidal/mangrove and 1241 individuals/ 48 species in the coral-rag habitat).The intertidal/mangrove and coral-rag habitats had cumulative Simpsons indices means of 0.25 and 0.17 respectively (p=0.03, df=45, t=2.2029). Human survey data was also collected following a questionnaire of open-ended questions. Inhabitants of Uzi Island could name a range of 2-26 species of birds, and in general agreed that birds: are important, affected by the health environment, indicate the health of the environment, and are disturbed by villagers. Subjects overall conveyed a positive view of birds and responded positively to the question “what do we get from watching birds”. Recommendations were proposed for future in-depth research.

Traditional Boat Building: An Intersection of Zanzibar’s Culture and Environment
This study examined traditional boat building on Uzi Island as a manifestation of Zanzibar’s relationship of environment and culture. Information was gathered about traditional boat building practices, the resource use and management pertaining to boats, the cultural reliance on boats, and local views on environment and conservation. This information showed that the people of Uzi Island were dependent on the use of traditional boats to maintain their livelihood, however the tree types used for boat building are being over-harvested. This tension of culture and environment exposed the need for conservation of Zanzibar’s natural resources in a manner that does not strand the local people without any means to support themselves.

An Evaluation of Potential Management Options for the Indo-Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) Population in Kizimkazi, Zanzibar
A short-term study was conducted between November 3rd and November 30th of 2013 in which dolphin area usage was assessed and interviews conducted in order to evaluate which actions should be considered in order to improve dolphin management in Kizimkazi, Zanzibar. GPS coordinates during dolphin sightings were recorded while on tourist and volunteer boat trips to assess dolphin movement and distribution. While on the tourist boats, observations were also made regarding boat operator, tour guide, and tourist knowledge and behavior in relation to tourism interaction guidelines. Interviews were conducted with locals involved in the dolphin tourism sector, tour company representatives, government employees, and experts to determine any changes in dolphin sightings, the issues in the industry, the roles of government departments and NGOs, and potential solutions to improve dolphin tourism in the area, with the goal of creating recommendations for future action. It was discovered that dolphin sightings in the study occurred in different areas than the most recent previous study and that there may also be a shift in group sizes and behavior, all as a result of pressures from fishing and tourist boats. From both observations and interview responses, it was noticed that the guidelines for interaction (Appendix 1) are almost always violated. This is due to the fact that, despite many seminars having been held in the area, all boat captains still lack complete knowledge of these guidelines. To date, government departments have had no direct involvement in managing dolphin populations in the area. It is recommended that there be a compromise reached with fishermen to lower dolphin bycatch, that the government set a standard payment to boat captains per boat trip, and that the current guidelines be altered to make them simpler and enforcement be carried out by the Department of Fisheries using funding from the Menai Bay Conservation Area. Throughout this process, there will need to be continued communication and cooperation with locals to ensure long-term success of this conservation plan.

Bioremediation Mariculture in Zanzibar, Tanzania: A Viability Assessment of Using Bath Sponge and Pearl Oyster Farms to Filter Highly olluted Waters in the Zanzibar Channel
Bioremediation of polluted water off the coastline of the urban center of Zanzibar—Stone Town, Unguja—was assessed for implementation feasibility through bath sponge and pearl oyster mariculture. A vast research base of the city’s coastal area exists, including the pollution concentrations at various locations, the ramifications of this pollution on the fringing ecosystems, and the relevant water circulation system of eddies and passageways produced by the north flowing East African Counter Current. In following the experimental examples of bioremediation projects around the world, this study tested facets of the filtration abilities of marine sponges and oysters. Both organisms suggested strong pollution filtration abilities. Phosphate concentrations decreased from an average of 3.93 ug/L (micrograms per liter) to 1.33 and 1.73 ug/L for sponges and oysters, respectively. Unique capabilities of each organism were displayed in the experiments. The marine sponges visibly eliminated the turbidity level in the 36-hour study period. The marine oysters were suggested to chemically convert the dissolved nitrates through the tested increase in ammonium concentration from an average of 4.01 ug/L in the contaminated water to and average replicate concentration of 21.5 ug/L. The respective mariculture techniques were examined along with management logistics to assess the viability of implementing the mariculture for the pollution remediation. It was concluded that the mariculture techniques could be feasibly established by carefully collaborating with the nature of the pollution distribution, the consultation and aid of private and governmental organizations and further background scientific research.

Comparison Study of Fish Species Richness of Two Mangrove Forests on Misali Island: Eastern (Extractive) v. Western (CORE) Mangrove Forests
The fish species richness of two mangrove forests adjacent to non-extractive and extractive zones, respectively, was investigated on Misali Island, Tanzania. Observations were done at each site for seven samplings, recording the different species observed upon each visit. A general list of species found in the intertidal area was also composed to get an idea of what species use this region as well. A total of twenty-four species were observed between the two sites, leading to a similarity index of 0.29, representing very little similarity between the two stands. Two different diversity indices (Shannon-Wiener and Simpson’s) also supported the hypothesis that the CORE zone has a more diverse range of fish species than its counterpart area, while the richness index showed that the CORE zone was nearly threefold greater in fish species. These results may be caused by the physical, biological, and human impact dissimilarities between the two areas, allowing for a difference in fish species entering each area.

Testing the Waters: Public Health Lab- Ivo de Carneri’s Safe Water Project Pemba Island, Tanzania
Access to an improved source of drinking water is becoming increasingly difficult in Tanzania. The Safe Water Project, run through Public Health Lab Ivo de Carneri (PHL-IdC) in Chake-Chake, Pemba, is a water quality analysis and infrastructure project on Pemba island, Tanzania that aims to improve water quality and access through three distinct project phasesinitial assessment and planning, reworking of network infrastructure, and the ongoing sampling for biological and chemical indicators of water quality. This report deals exclusively with the microbial aspect of the third phase of the project, the ongoing sampling and analysis of primary and secondary water resources of twelve sites (Kwa Pweza, Kwa Sharifuali, Madungu, Kironjo, Sizini, Tumbe, Ole, Kojani, Kiungoni, Michenzani, Mtambile, Muambe) in four districts (Chake- Chake, Micheweni, Wete, and Mkoani) on Pemba Island. It was found that, although Total Bacteria Change (TBC) from the previous sampling indicated an improvement in water quality in most of the primary and secondary water sources, the great majority of sites sampled (eight of the twelve primary and five of the seven secondary) had Enterococcus, faecal coliform or E.coli contamination above the World Health Organization’s acceptable values, deeming these sources ! ! #! unsafe for human consumption in their current state. These findings indicate the potential for severe human health impacts if no intervention is made.

An Evaluation of Environmental Education Programs on Pemba Island
Pemba Island, a member of the Zanzibar archipelago, is intimately connected and highly dependent on their natural resources, which are rapidly deteriorating. How to sustain their agrarian-based economy whilst also conserving the environment is the current challenge facing this island. Key to overcoming this dilemma is the development of knowledgeable and effective environmental organizations, such as environmental clubs and NGOs. A small-scale assessment of the environmental education (EE) and associated clubs was established primarily through a student survey, on-site visits, and interviews. It focuses primarily on evaluating three schools and their associated clubs, but also provides information on the Island’s two prominent environmental NGOs. Results indicate that there is inconsistent and under quality EE in schools and that the clubs are not as effective as they should be. This lack of progress is likely due to the limited role of students, poor club administrative structure, lack of creativity and shortage of resources. In order for these clubs to have a greater impact they need to re-allocate club responsibilities to the students, internally restructure, form solid connections with outside sources (NGOs), and diversify their activities. These adjustments will enable clubs to be more effective in educating and engaging both students and community on environmental conservation.

Mangrove Species Identification on Uzi Island, Zanzibar Archipelago
This study assesses the population of mangrove species at three locations on Uzi Island off the coast of Unguja at their most highly populated regions: Nyeke, Dikokuu, and Chokaani. Collection of tree samples occurred for identification of mangrove species. Observations and fieldwork were used to obtain information regarding the species that populate the island and the makeup of those communities. Nine total species were found to live within the boundaries of Uzi Island. These species were identified as Xylocarpus moluccensis, Pemphis acidula, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Ceriops tagal, Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia alba, Xylocarpus granatum, Avicennia marina, and Lumnitzera racemosa. Results showed that Bruguiera gymnorrhiza has the highest abundance, relative density, and frequency of all of the species in the area. Two species: Xylocarpus moluccensis and Xylocarpus granatum, each with only a single tree present in the surveyed regions each have the lowest abundance, density, and frequencies.

Marine Turtle Health Assessment and Aquarium Suitability: Uzi Island, Zanzibar
This study assessed the health of the marine turtles in the aquarium on Uzi Island. Health evaluations of each turtle included size, eating habit, and physical abnormalities. Behaviorally the sea turtles were observed at two different time periods multiple times. Results were compared to research on wild sea turtles. The conditions of the aquarium were evaluated for water quality and holding capacity. The water temperature, pH, and salinity levels were tested to assess the water quality. The results showed that the overall health of the sea turtles were positive from the normal activities and few abnormalities. The overall aquarium conditions showed room for improvement from the high water temperatures, low pH values, and dangerous obstacles. Recommendations to address research error and further areas of study were given.

Who Else Would Plant The Trees? A Status Update on the Pemba Flying Fox
This study assesses the current population of Pemba Flying Fox, Pteropusvoeltzkowi, at four key locations on Pemba Island off the coast of Tanzania previously noted as highly populated roost sites: Ngezi National Forest, Wete, Kidike, and MsituwaMbiji. We evaluate local knowledge, perceptions, and practices of communities surrounding the Pemba Flying Fox. This study also documents roosting and migratory patterns of the bats. We hypothesize a growth in bat population, an overall positive community perception of the bats, and a greater amount of conflict between fruit farmers and Pteropusvoeltzkowi. Results showed a decrease in estimated population. Additionally, reverse correlation was found between mean roost tree height and colony size, and 50% of bats roosting in Antiaristoxicaria. MsituwaMbiji had the highest level of habitat disruption while Kidike showed the lowest. All informants had a positive opinion on bats. For all roost sites except Ngezi, all respondents claimed the nearby roost site had been in use for a “long time”. All respondents mentioned that bats could be seen every day and every season, although about half of respondents reported seasonal variation. Little evidence of farmer-bat conflict was found, and most respondents claimed that no bat hunting was done in the area. However, physical evidence suggested that hunting was still ongoing. About half of all residents interviewed knew of no ongoing educational efforts concerning the bats. Evidence suggests that colonies of bats are migrating to protected areas, forming larger colonies in smaller spatial areas with a consistent proportion of available tall trees, forcing bats to occupy smaller roosting trees. However, this could be due to the negligible hunting pressure found in the areas with larger colonies. Deforestation proves a considerable threat to continued conservation of the Pemba Flying Fox. Environmental education and community-based protection organizations based on economic, environmental and intrinsic appreciation of the bats is the key to this species’ continued success.

The State of Artisanal Fisheries in Southern Unguja: Governance, Conservation and Community
Fifty-one fishermen in the coastal villages of Kizimkazi Dimbani and Jambiani were interviewed to discover the current state of fishing in these areas. Each area has its own Village Fishermen Committees and those committees were also a subject of interest, interviewing their members as well as Fishery Department Officials to gain an understanding of how the committees function and their success. Results of fishermen interviews revealed a large number of differences between Kizimkazi Dimbani and Jambiani. Village Fishermen Committees were well attended by participants in both villages and seem to function as strong institutions within the communities studied. Kizimkazi Dimbani and Jambiani are both situated within the Menai Bay Conservation Area, and governed by its rules and regulations. However, enforcement is limited within this area and knowledge of the regulations is as well. The regulations that fishermen were aware of in each village perhaps reveal the most common illegal practices there. The perceived effectiveness of patrols differed largely between the two study sites, which was attributed to the fact that two of the three patrol boats for the Menai Bay Conservation Area dock in Kizimkazi Dimbani. Most fishermen noted that many illegal methods of fishing were still being used, causing damage to fish stocks. Potential policies to alleviate the problems identified through interviews are discussed using a broad definition of policy that includes the social, economic, and biological factors, which influence policy outcomes.

How Does Climate Change Affect Agricultural Stability in Southeast Unguja? An Assessment of the Threats to Agriculture and Food Security From Rising Temperature and Changes in Predictability and Intensity of Rainy Seasons.
The relationship between climate change, agriculture, and food security on the island of Unguja was studied. Informal interviews were carried out in the south-eastern coastal communities of Bwejuu, Paje, and Jambiani in order to gain perspective and awareness of local knowledge concerning changes in climate and it's affects on crop production. Formal interviews were conducted in Stone Town with the Ministry of Agriculture, the Department of Environment, the Sustainable Management of Land and the Environment office, private climate change experts and environmental consultants, and local NGO's to gain insight on what aspects of climate change are most detrimental in the agricultural successes and failures in Zanzibar. Both sets of interviews also addressed future perceptions of the island in terms of agricultural vulnerability and villagers' awareness levels concerning the concepts of global and local climate change. Field observations were conducted on each available farmers land, and general crop health and soil quality was recorded. Analysis of this information is presented in the following paper as a synthesized document written in order to fully understand how vulnerable the agriculture sector of coastal south-eastern Zanzibar is to the changing climate. The data collected is regarded as a key insight into the relationship between climate change and subsistence agriculture and the change in this union over the last twenty years. Lastly, recommendations are given for a more resilient and selfsufficient Zanzibar as well as further climate change related projects that could complement this exploration.

Paleoecological Study of Unguja: Can Past Environments be Inferred from Fossilized Corals and Mollusks?
A study was conducted on Unguja, an island off the eastern coast of Tanzania, to provide an overview of the paleoecology found in the cliff shelves across the island. It is known that Zanzibar was a submerged reef from the Neogene, approximately 23 million years ago (Ma). Two tests were carried out in 16 sites around the island. One test looked at coral fossils, while the other studied fossilized shells. Both tests measured biodiversity, with one specifically studying patterns of ocean currents, and the other studying nutrient levels and deposition rates. Biodiversity tests were inconclusive but coral diversity showed a decrease in trend from west to east, while mollusk diversity showed a decrease from east to west. The coral tests showed that the ocean current might have been transporting coral spores from the northeast part of the island. The mollusk test can be used to show how the depositional rates on the eastern part of the island were lower than the western, as well as that the nutrient availability was greater on the eastern side. Appendix I can be used to show what the reef may have looked like in the past, and can set a precedent for future studies of global climate change and show patterns of reef life in Unguja.

Assessing the Viability of Desalination for Rural Water Supply in Chwaka, Zanzibar
Zanzibar has been struggling with water scarcity issues over the last few decades due to an increase in consumption on the island and a deterioration of existing supply infrastructure. Poor distribution has affected rural communities most, due to their absence of tourism development, which has gone hand in hand with infrastructure establishment. Foreign aid has begun to address the issue by investing in alternative forms of water supply. On November 15, 2011, The Minister for Housing, Lands, and Water, Ali Juma Shamhuna inaugurated the Mörk desalin® RO 100 SW desalination machine, a solar and wind powered desalination unit in Chwaka village, which, previous studies have shown, suffers from salt contaminated wells (Sultan 2011) (Hansson 2008). This study sought to assess the viability of this alternative source of water in Chwaka. Research was conducted in Unguja, Zanzibar in the form of interviews with residents of the village of Chwaka, interviews with other individuals involved in rural water supply, and research of previous relevant studies. This preliminary research showed that Zanzibar’s issues with water scarcity stem more from mismanagement of the resource than lack of the resource itself. Soon after Zanzibar gained independence the government instituted a policy of free water distribution, which, in the long run, created an unsustainable standard of water as a free good. This ultimately led to a deterioration of the island’s water infrastructure. At the time of this study the villagers of Chwaka purchased freshwater from trucks transporting 20-liter jerry cans. This study found that desalination in the form of Mörk’s unit is not a viable source of freshwater for the entire village of Chwaka compared to piped well water. Installed with the best intentions for the people of Chwaka, the presence and purpose of the machine is unknown to most of the village and its production capacity could only hope to supplement drinking water. Relative investment costs of distributing similar volumes of water show that piped water is the cheaper option. The intentions of the project are nonetheless laudable and this type of innovative investment should be encouraged as long as the government is not asked to take the bill. Zanzibar has access to freshwater and must look to efficient consumption before turning to alternative forms of water production, but Mork's desalination machine could potentially prove to be useful in other areas that suffer from water scarcity. Ultimately, it is difficult for desalination as an alternative source of water to establish itself currently in Chwaka while the government heavily subsidizes the resource without aiming for full cost recovery.

A Study of Sponge Aquaculture in Jambiani: Is Shallow Farming Feasible?
In the village of Jambiani, Unguja, a Swiss NGO called Marine Cultures has established an experimental sponge farming initiative to improve local employment and support economic development. Currently, the main farming site is only accessible through SCUBA diving. This is consistent with experimental farm sites in other oceanic regions, as most are located in depths of at least five meters with sponges suspended vertically to maximize water flow exposure. Farms located in shallower water may not be conducive to sponge growth due to highly variable environmental conditions; however, no conclusive research has been conducted on this matter (Duckworth 2009). Nonetheless, shallow farms could be beneficial, for they may be accessed through wading or snorkeling, eliminating the need for costly SCUBA certifications and swimming skills, both of which are impractical for local people. The feasibility of shallow sponge farming in Jambiani was investigated through the construction of a shallow test farm. By testing of three different farming treatments, conducting surveys for commercially viable sponges, and assessing aquaculture awareness and perceptions of local fishermen, it was determined that shallow sponge farming has definite potential for successful implementation within the region.

Monitoring Nesting Trends and Hatchling Success of the Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) Population on Mnemba Island, Zanzibar
The nesting trends and hatching success of Green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) were studied on Mnemba Island. This study involved a continuation of data collection for the ongoing monitoring program of sea turtles on Mnemba Island. Data was collected from nesting females as well as from post hatching nest excavations. The data that has been collected over the course of ten years was then analyzed to examine trends over time as well as to assess the current status of the turtle population on Mnemba Island. Hatch success as a function of different seasons was analyzed. It has been concluded that there is a significant difference between hatching success in wet and dry seasons, but not in the different monsoon seasons. Hatch success as a function of location on the island was also explored, and trends in frequencies of nest sites in various locations were examined. Trends in nest location selection were investigated in relation to coastal erosion occurrences. The only significant preferences for nest location found was that the majority of nest sites were concentrated on the western and southwestern sides of the island. This is also related to trends in nest site selection in relation to coastal erosion, as there are no occurrences of nests on eastern side of the island, which experiences the most erosion. Furthermore, it has also been concluded that there is no difference in hatching success between years, and that hatching success has not significantly changed over time. This implies that Mnemba Island provides a stable environment for nesting green turtles, and is therefore an important area to continue to conserve. Recommendations for future studies are made.

Biogas Technology on Uzi Island, Zanzibar: A Feasibility Study
With realization of the finite quantity of fossil fuels and improved study on the effects of global climate change there has been an increasing demand for energy production from renewable, sustainable sources in developed and developing nations alike. The population of Tanzania relies overwhelmingly on biomass as a source of primary energy, with such impacts as deforestation and negative health effects. Biogas generation is a renewable energy technology that utilizes organic waste sources to produce a methane-rich gas suitable for cooking and lighting with the potential to replace current unsustainable energy sources and provide several environmental and socioeconomic benefits. A biogas feasibility study was conducted in the village of Uzi, Zanzibar through local surveys, a waste generation audit, and creation of a pilot biogas system. Currently, biogas technology is not feasible in Uzi due to economic and realistic barriers. Methods of financial aid such as government subsidy, microfinance, and a carbon credit system need to be explored in order to realize the potential of biogas technology in Uzi.

Veterinary Issues and Livestock Development in Zanzibar: Farmer Practices and Attitudes
The status of veterinary issues, veterinary care, and livestock development on the Zanzibar Archipelago was investigated through interviews with professionals in the fields of veterinary services and livestock development, community animal health workers (CAHWs), and livestock extension officers. In addition, a survey of livestock farmers’ access to, attitudes towards, and the actual effectiveness of veterinary care systems and livestock extension services was conducted in Pemba and Unguja. Particular emphasis was placed on comparing famers who had participated in Farmer Field Schools (FFS), a livestock education program run by the Agricultural Services Support Program (ASSP), with those who had not. The results were also analyzed in terms of farmers owning exotic or mixed-breed animals versus those owning only indigenous animals. Dairy cow production was found to be significantly more profitable than keeping local zebu, but exotic chickens were not necessarily more profitable than local chickens. The survey results indicated that while the FFS program was certainly beneficial to farmers, it was most relevant to farmers who were already raising mixed-breed animals. Furthermore, many of the differences found between the two sample groups were likely a result of the FFS selection process, which attracted farmers already owning exotic animals, and not an outcome of the field schools themselves. In order for livestock production to be exploited in Zanzibar in a way that helps alleviate poverty, farmers need financial support to expand and sustain production, at least until their animals become profitable. Future livestock development programs should focus on micro-finance and other such systems of financial or resource support, not just education.

The Aders’s Duikers (Cephalophus adersi) of Mnemba Island, Zanzibar: A Study of the Behavior and Diet of a Critically Endangered Species
Cephalophus adersi, commonly known as Aders's duiker, is an extremely rare, near endemic species to Unguja Island in the Zanzibar archipelago. It is a member of the suborder Ruminantia and is considered part of the red duiker family. C. adersi is critically endangered, and although it is protected by Zanzibari law, its population numbers have plummeted over the last thirty years due to hunting as well as habitat destruction and fragmentation. This study examines the behavior and ecology of a small population of Aders's duikers living on Mnemba, an island off the coast of the northeastern tip of Unguja. Four individual duikers were identified based upon unique scars and markings and were followed over the course of thirteen days. This study evaluates their tolerance for researcher presence, relationships between duikers, diet composition and habitat, as well as interactions and competition with the Suni antelope. It was found that each of the four duikers had different levels of tolerance for close proximity to humans at the start of the study, and that they did not seem to become more habituated during the course of the study. The possible relationships between the duikers studied included a mother and calf as well as one male female pair bond. The Aders's duikers of Mnemba were observed eating seven different species of plant, two of which were also consumed by the Suni antelope. This study found that careful control of the Suni antelope population in combination with the expansion of suitable habitat area for the Aders's duikers on Mnemba Island could both help increase the number of this endangered duiker living on Mnemba and contribute to the conservation of the species as a whole.

Pesticide Use and Awareness on Pemba Island
Use and awareness of pesticides by 301 farmers on Pemba Island, Tanzania, were surveyed, in order to assess practices and perceptions of pesticide use. Surveys were conducted in both peri-urban farms and rural farms, which were either irrigated or rain-fed. Results showed that while the overwhelming majority of farmers on irrigated fields used pesticides frequently, farmers located in rain-fed irrigation largely farmed without pesticides. Likewise, peri-urban farmers made use of pesticides far more than rural farmers. Of the farmers who did use pesticides, an average of Tsh 17,219 was spent annually on Rogol, Satunil, Dimethoate, Simithion, Thionex and Dursban. Most of these farmers also reported a lack of protective gear during application, often resulting in health problems. When choosing a pesticide for their crops, farmers indicated that effectiveness, cost and availability, respectively, were the most important factors. Many of the farmers currently not using pesticides indicated that this was due to monetary constraints, and would employ pesticides if able. Nearly half of all farmers surveyed had not had any training or education regarding appropriate use and safety of pesticides. Based on survey results, this study developed an appropriate, accessible pesticide education campaign including posters and field seminars to help educate the farmers on the serious risks that pesticides pose to both human health and the environment, and to encourage proper application in order to minimize such negative effects.

Cultural Tourism in Mjini Ole, Pemba: A Case Study in Its Establishment and Marketing
The purpose of this study was to attempt to better outfit the Kidike Pemba Flying Fox Ecotourism Center of Pemba Island, Zanzibar, in order to increase its appeal to a wider audience of tourists and to benefit the surrounding community of Mjini Ole. This goal was specifically carried out by establishing and marketing cultural tourism under the Kidike brand. In Kidike’s initial condition, guests were able to see the roost site of this endemic giant fruit bat – the Pemba Flying Fox – and continue on to see historical ruins and a mangrove forest, but the presentation and experience as a whole was very straightforward and somewhat lacking in originality. In order to diversify this initial attraction, cultural activities specific to Pemba were organized and prepared for a tourist audience and appropriately marketed as a means of maintaining a sustainable eco-tourism venture and simultaneously providing an alternative, non-consumptive source of income for the community members. A brief history of each activity was compiled to be read to future guests during each tour, as were suggested tour outlines so as to provide tour consistency and direction. On-site assessments, interviews and surveys of tourists, hoteliers, and village members, and the generation of a Kidike promotional brochure and its distribution to major Pemba hotels were all components of this study. This study is significant as it attempts to offer a means for and provide an example of a non-consumptive livelihood in a precarious environment that faces almost certain degradation in the future as Pemba’s population continues to rise. Its relevance to the study site and similar external locations is manifest in the inherent problems associated with the indisputable advent of growing tourism and growing population, albeit the small size and finite resources of the Island of Pemba.

A Study of Corallivores of Bawe and Chumbe Islands, Zanzibar
Coral reefs are considered keystone ecosystems due to their socioeconomic, ecological, and educational value. In Zanzibar, Tanzania, reefs provide income and a protein source for large portions of the population. Fish are reliant upon reefs as grounds for feeding, breeding, and nursing. Reefs are related to mangrove and seagrass ecosystems; the three ecosystems are interconnected in their functions of protecting biodiversity of coastal organisms, coastal erosion, and improving water quality. Coral reefs are also subject to degradation by both anthropogenic and natural causes. Predation is one example of natural degradation of coral. Six species of corallivores were studied to compare their population dynamics on Bawe and Chumbe Reefs, Zanzibar. Transect and quadrat analyses were performed in order to determine the relative density of each corallivore species. The Line Intercept Transect Method was employed in order to determine substrate distribution. Data was analyzed using 21 transects (1,260 m2) inside the MPA and 14 transects (840 m2) outside of the MPA. Triggerfish had a significantly higher mean outside the Chumbe MA compared to both Bawe and within the MPA. Butterflyfish had a significantly higher observed mean within the MPA compared to outside the MPA, which had a higher mean than Bawe. There was a positive correlation between the percent of live coral and number of butterflyfish. There was a significantly higher percentage of live coral cover at the Chumbe Island reef than Bawe Island. There was a significantly higher number of both Drupella and Coralliophila snails at Bawe Island than inside the Chumbe MPA. This suggests that the benefits obtained from the implementation of the MPA and removal of COTS from the Chumbe Island Reef may have aided in the increased live coral cover, but has not significantly impacted the corallivore fish species which reside there. This study contributes to the limited information of corallivore densities, especially in the Zanzibar archipelago and will provide a baseline for future studies on coral predation.

Water Quality and Eutrophication: The Effects of Sewage Outfalls on Waters and Reefs Surrounding Stone Town, Zanzibar
Due to a rapid increase in Zanzibar’s in population, as well as a lack of proper sewage treatment, water quality and eutrophication have become serious issues on Unguja. These issues not only threaten public health, but also threaten the health of nearby coral reefs. This study aimed to quantify the presence of fecal indicator bacteria (enterococci) and the levels of eutrophication in the surface waters of Stone Town and its vicinal reefs, while also placing results in a larger context with respect to seasonal monsoonal variations. Meetings were held with members of the Zanzibar Municipal Council, and a survey of both tourists and Zanzibaris was conducted in order to understand the public’s level of awareness regarding sewage treatment and water quality. When data from bacterial enumeration was compared with recommended levels of enterococci for safe recreational waters, values revealed that Stone Town’s water is unsafe for public swimming. Moreover, measured concentrations of ammonium from Chapwani Island exceeded those tolerable by healthy coral ecosystems. These results indicate that sewage pollution is causing, and will continue to cause damage to Stone Town’s waters unless a new method of sewage treatment is created.

Paradise Lost? Impact of Tourism and Public Use on the Mnemba House Reef
With the increasing popularity and promotion of marine park tourism, coral reef ecosystems may be subject to stresses beyond their sustainable thresholds. Mnemba Island’s house reef was surveyed to assess impacts of public use and efficacy of current protection measures. The study was conducted with objectives of characterizing physical damage and providing a holistic overview of reef conditions. To obtain relative impact profiles in the area, line transects were carried out in two different zones - one more frequented by private island guests and one more frequented by boat tour operators. Benthic coral cover and damage, biological indicators (fish populations and sea urchin abundance), and proximal human activity were documented over a two-week period. While instances of tissue damage were comparable at both sites, it was found that the boat-side had a significant amount of unhealthier, bleached, and dead coral as well as rubble and algal growth. More anchor breakage and sediment damage were also observed on the boat-side. All these factors indicate that overall health on the boat-side is compromised, and suggests that coral in that section are more vulnerable and less resilient as a result of higher human activity. The findings demonstrate negative impacts of human activity on coral status, and demand immediate further action in protecting the reef as a whole. Recommendations were made for future monitoring and management in an effort to balance human usage without causing permanent environmental degradation.

Mangroves and Crabs as Ecosystem Engineers in Zanzibar
Primary productivity within mangroves results from detrital and coprophagous interactions on the forest floor. The feeding behaviors of Sesarmid crabs (Decapoda:Brachyura) alter the structural and chemical composition of benthic sediment through the consumption and incorporation of mangrove leaf-litter. In doing so they create habitats for organisms that in turn provide an additional food source for herbivorous crabs. Species specific herbivory was observed in order to understand the implications of Sesarmid activity on sediment composition. The study was conducted at two contrasting mangrove forest sites, one in a protected area at Jozani and the other in a disturbed area at Pete in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Equal quantities of leaves from three tree species (Rhizophora mucronata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Ceriops tagal) were added to experimental plots. The level of herbivory for each leaf was observed and compared in order to assess the presence of dietary preference in Sesarmid crabs. Results indicate that crab herbivory is lower in community used Pete mangroves than at the protected site. Green leaves were fed upon more than senescent yellow leaves. There was a clear preference of crabs for mature green R. mucronata leaves. The results of preferential herbivory are then applied to the larger framework of mangrove restoration. The implications of leaf preference may be an invaluable component for future reforestation projects that aim to replant trees and restore ecosystem functionality as well.

Spirits & Sacred Sites: A Study of Beliefs on Unguja Island
The spiritual beliefs and mizimu, or sacred sites, of villagers were studied in Mangapwani, Makunduchi, and Muungoni on Unguja Island. Through semi-formal interviews, a better understanding of the prevalence and tenets of spiritual beliefs and mizimu use in present Swahili culture was gained. It was found that belief in the existence of spirits is very widespread still today, although these beliefs include many variances. Mizimu are generally being kept in tact for traditional purposes, but the spiritual belief behind them is fading. It was recommended that further study of this topic is done, particularly on mizimu, as it is an important part of the Swahili culture that is disappearing over time.

Survey of Anthropogenic Vegetation Changes on Uzi and Vundwe Islands: A Study on Deforestation and Its Implications for People and Wildlife
Background. The environmental health of Uzi Island, south of Unguja, Zanzibar, has not been well characterized and its inhabitants do not have the resources for conservation education or community management to prevent deforestation, establish sustainable resource use and preserve unique wildlife. One potential method to improve environmental conservation and economic stability is through culturally sensitive and appropriately scaled ecotourism. Methods. Vegetation and wildlife surveys were conducted to evaluate the current condition of forests, regeneration in successional habitats, the presence of endemic and endangered wildlife species, and the impact of human activity on the forests of Central Uzi and Vundwe Island. Local attitudes of Uzi villagers towards conservation and tourism were assessed through interviews. Results. The forest of Central Uzi was found to have been devastated in recent years by fires and conversion of the land to agriculture with 58% of stems cut or burned. Vundwe is exhibiting unsustainable wood cutting and increased human disturbance with a 4% increase in cut stems from four years ago. Similarly, wildlife presence, forest disturbance and human activity appear to be adversely effecting populations of red colobus monkeys, blue duiker, and suni antelope. Interviews of Uzi villagers demonstrated a wide range of attitudes about potential approaches to conservation and the benefit or harm of tourism as a means to support environmental protection and economic stability. A range of attitudes existed about the potential benefit or harm of tourism as one approach to supporting environmental protection and economic stability. Conclusions. A significant negative impact of human activity on forest preservation was found, as well as potentially diminished populations of colobus monkeys, blue duiker and suni antelope, representative of the unique mammalian fauna of Zanzibar. Although some understanding of the impact of environmental degradation on societal health and economic development was apparent in interviews with villagers, there were mixed attitudes on the positive value of environmental protection and the potential for ecotourism as a method to promote conservation and economic benefit. Ongoing formal assessment of forest and wildlife is recommended, as is forest regeneration (of both mangrove and coral rag), and the establishment of focus groups and environmental education to determine the optimal approaches to environmental and economic sustainability, which are closely intertwined.

Sponges on Chumbe Island
The sponge population of Chumbe Island, off the western coast of Unguja Island was studied. Opportunistic observation, underwater photography, and sponge collection on the eastern side of the island was conducted. The sponge samples collected where then taxonomically analyzed in the lab. This is study will contribute to the limited amount of information known about sponge taxonomy and prevalence in the Western Indian Ocean region. It will increase the knowledge about the diversity of sponges in this region. The information collected from this experiment was compiled into a booklet that will be available to the tourists as well as the educational department at Chumbe Island.

Behind Your Beach Vacation: A Review and Evaluation of EIAs as a Legal Framework to Regulate the Environmental Impacts of Tourism in Zanzibar
Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) and related legislation in Zanzibar were examined, and their implementation by hotels in the coastal villages of Nungwi, Kiwengwa and Uroa were studied. Interviews were conducted with relevant government agencies and legal documents were examined in order to understand the current framework within which hotels operate. Hotels in the study area both with and without EIAs were questioned about their environmental and social impacts. The environmental management plans of those hotels with EIAs were considered in light of their current practices in order to gage the effectiveness of the EIA process in regulating the environmental impacts of hotels. NGOs, villagers and Shehas were interviewed to understand local perspectives on environmental and social issues related to hotels and tourism. Analysis showed that there were no significant differences in environmental impacts of those hotels with EIAs and those without. The EIA process was thus found to be largely ineffective at maintaining environmental standards for developments in Zanzibar, and several possible reasons for this shortfall were considered through comparing Zanzibar’s EIA procedure with that of mainland Tanzania. Recommendations on improving the EIA process in Zanzibar were made based on the study’s findings.

Behavioral Application in Wildlife Photography: Developing a Foundation in Ecological and Behavioral Characteristics of the Zanzibar Red Colobus Monkey (Procolobus kirkii) as it Applies to the Development Exhibition Photography
A fundamental understanding of Zanzibar red colobus monkey (Piliocolobus kirkii) behavior can be used to increase the efficiency of a photographic expedition and to increase the impact and value of a subsequent exhibition of the photographs taken. Preliminary research on cercopithecine monkeys, as well as the individual species, was paired with animal behavior experience in the development and execution of a photographic expedition to Jozani Forest. Collected photographs were compiled, organized, analyzed and edited before final selection of twenty five pieces meant for exhibition. These shots were assessed for their aesthetic, documentary and educational quality both individually and collectively as an exhibition. This show will be displayed abroad in an effort to increase exposure of the status of endangered species, of Jozani Forest, and of the Zanzibar red colobus monkey as a species.

Improving Beekeeping on Unguja Island
The purpose of this study was to investigate the current practices and methods for improvement of beekeeping on Unguja Island in Zanzibar. Beekeeping has been occurring for many years in Unguja but has retained traditional techniques with little improvement. Improvement can occur in the form of introduction of modern equipment, formation of beekeeping organizations, advancing and diversifying products, and gaining governmental support. Beekeeping is worthy of expansion because of its potential to increase rural income in a sustainable way as well as support conservation of forest areas. The study found that there has so far been little improvement of income due to modern equipment or group formation, but that the presence of both is on the increase. It also was found that large umbrella groups such as the Zanzibar Beekeeping Association as yet have been able to provide information and training only, though there is potential for an increased role. Small scale innovation and production of necessary equipment and processed goods along with possible conservation grant funding are seen as the best methods for improving beekeeping in Unguja.

Vertical Distribution of Spiders (Araneae) on a Tropical Island
The distribution of spiders into vertical layers was studied on Misali Island. In particular, differences in diversity, species richness, abundance, and body length were analyzed. A variety of collection methods were used in order to capture as many different species as possible from three levels of forest: leaf litter, groundcover (up to 1m), and understory (up to 3m). After being sorted to the morphospecies level, the spiders were cataloged and several statistical tests were run. These tests show that spiders do show species-level stratification between different levels of forest. They also pointed towards a particularly firm dividing line between species of the understory and those of the groundcover which discourages crossover.

A Culture Seen Through Cuisine: Traditional Zanzibari Recipes
Zanzibari cuisine was studied through the collecting of traditional and typical recipes. Along with the ingredients and cooking methods, further information about Zanzibari culinary traditions was gathered, such as historical origins of certain dishes, their special religious and ceremonial uses, as well as any superstitions or beliefs surrounding particular foods. All of this information was then compiled into a cookbook.

A Survey of the Cockle A. antiquata, Chumbe Island
A survey of the cockle Anadara antiquata’s population was performed on the intertidal zone of Chumbe, a small island located off of Zanzibar, Tanzania. Cockle abundance and size were measured along transects laid parallel to shore at four sites, two sites on the west side and two on the east. The marine and intertidal environments on the western side of the island are protected under Chumbe Island Coral Park (CHICOP), a privately managed Marine Protected Area (MPA). However, small-scale artisanal fisheries including cockle collection by women still occur on the unprotected east side. This study will attempt to evaluate the effect of the no-take MPA on cockle populations and their interactions with associated biota. Results will indicate whether the MPA on the western side has had an effect on cockle abundance, size and distribution since extraction ceased in 1994. Additionally, the study will provide insight on the flora, fauna and sediment types that tend to be associated with A. antiquata in these two environments.

Biomass Combustion and ARI in Kiwengwa, Unguja
A study was undertaken investigating the relationship between biomass cook stove usage practices in Kiwengwa, Unguja and the incidence of acute respiratory infections (ARI) amongst individuals participating in household cooking activities. In each household, the incidence of ARI was determined via semi-structured interviews conducted with the primary cooker. Additionally, measurements and observations of: biomass cook stove efficiency, stove usage behaviors, and the physical cooking environment were obtained. Statistical analysis was then performed to assess the nature and significance of relationships between variables in the three cook stove usage categories and the stated incidence of ARI within the sample households. Data regarding the incidence of ARI in the sample population was compared to records from the local dispensary detailing the number of reported cases of ARI in the entire village over the previous year.

Cows and Colobus (Procolobus kirkii): Resource-Sharing Habits at Jozani National Park
Due to population compression, the Zanzibar red colobus monkeys of Jozani have been forced to explore new food options on the ground. I studied the food preferences of this endangered species in the agricultural land adjacent to Jozani National Park and compared it with the species consumed by local cattle that graze in the same space. This information, along with a preliminary behavioral assessment of the red colobus monkeys when near cattle, provides a first look at the food species eaten by both cows and colobus, in addition to documenting some of the direct and indirect interactions that occur between them. This data may be used to shed light on the previously unknown nature of resource sharing between an endangered species and local livestock.

Sea Urchin Predation in Misali Island Marine Park
The populations of sea urchins and their main predators, triggerfish (Balistidae), wrasses (Labridae) and emperors (Lethrinidae), were studied in the extractive and non-extractive zones of the Misali Island Marine Conservation Area in order to (1) evaluate the applicability of a sea urchin-sea urchin predator model developed in Kenya’s fringing reefs, (2) gain baseline data on Misali’s coral reef, and (3) evaluate the recovery status of the protected zone. This study revealed the predictive power of the sea urchin-sea urchin predator model for the reef ecosystem of Misali Island. As expected, a decline in sea urchin predators as a gross trophic group was attributable to fishing pressure and corresponded with an increase in sea urchin density. Furthermore, a comparison between the sea urchin predator species of the non-extractive and extractive zones showed that the proportion of triggerfish, which studies have suggested to be the dominant sea urchin predator, has increased in the absence of fishing as expected (McClanahan, 2000).

Impacts of Salt Production on Pemba
The economic, social, and environmental impacts of salt production were studied on the eastern coast of Pemba Island. Solar salt production is associated with the clear cutting of mangrove forests, which are significant as soil stabilizers, animal habitats, and as an economic resource. An environmental assessment of this industry is necessary to determine whether the socio-economic gains from salt production justify the environmental costs. Interviews with owners, employees, and day laborers from 20 salt farms were conducted to assess the general sustainability of the industry. The average annual owner income was determined to be approximately 570 000 Tsh, while employees and day laborers, usually paid in salt, earned the monetary equivalent of 245 000 Tsh and 70 000 Tsh, respectively. Field visits to salt farms were done study the surrounding mangroves and measure salinity, which was found to be 0 Be at the farms. Mangrove transects were studied in both salt farm and non-salt farm areas to determine species diversity, distribution, and average height. Avicennia marina, Ceriops tagal, and Rhizophora mucronata were present in all transects through salt farm and non-salt areas. Suggestions for improving salt production and quality while minimizing adverse environmental effects were recommended.

Assessment of the Artisanal Shark Fishery and Local Shark Fin Trade on Unguja Island, Zanzibar
This study investigates the current state of the directed artisanal shark fishery off Unguja Island, Zanzibar, with a focus on the East Asian shark fin trade and its impact on the utilization of this valuable marine resource. The study concentrates on the two fish markets in Stone Town: Malindi and Darajani. Large fish are brought to these markets both from nearby waters and from other coastal towns on the island. Data was gathered through observation of the type and number of sharks landed, fishing practices employed, and sale of shark products, particularly fins. Local fin traders and exporters were interviewed to determine the characteristics of the local market, the relative value of different fin types, and changes in volume and demand over time. Local fishermen were interviewed to investigate directed exploitation of sharks, changes in shark populations over time, and the possible influence of the fin trade on fishing activities. Results provide a preliminary insight into the current status of the directed shark fishery, the logistics of the fin trade, and conservation implications for coastal shark populations.